As the Syrian crisis surpasses its tenth year, civilians continue to bear the brunt of a conflict marked by unparalleled suffering, destruction, and disregard for human life. 13.4 million people require humanitarian assistance. Over half of the population has been forced from their homes, and many people have been displaced multiple times. Children and youth comprise more than half of the displaced, as well as half of those in need of humanitarian assistance. Among conflict-affected communities, life-threatening needs continue to grow. Neighboring countries have restricted the admission of people fleeing Syria, leaving hundreds of thousands of people stranded in deplorable conditions on their borders. In some cases, these populations are beyond the reach of humanitarian actors.
Since the crisis in Syria started in 2011, the scale, severity, and complexity of needs have been profound and far-reaching. More than half of the population have fled their homes; 6.7 million are internally displaced, while 5.6 million are refugees in neighboring countries and beyond. 6.76 million people remain in need of acute need of humanitarian assistance. Millions of people have fallen into poverty, with many forced to resort to harmful coping strategies, including the total depletion of livelihoods assets, in the absence of other options. They are, as a result, increasingly exposed to protection risks, including child labor, early marriage, and increased engagement in high-risk activities as sources of livelihoods.
Education: In Syria, 5.8 million children and 245,000 teachers and other education personnel need educational support. The education services have been severely affected due to ongoing violence, displacement, persecution, and lack of access to education services. The displacement and migration of teachers impacted the education services drastically both in terms of access and quality. According to the last statistics, about 2.45 million out-of-school children and 1.6 are at risk of dropping out because of the conflict. In addition, about 97,000 education personnel no longer have jobs due to the conflict, leaving the remaining working personnel overwhelmed and the quality of teaching affected. Over one in three schools have been damaged, destroyed, are no longer functional, or are utilized for shelter.
In Turkey, there are more than 400,000 children and adolescents not enrolled in education or training programs. Adolescents and youth need further access to language courses, technical and vocational training, and higher university education to promote their access to formal employment opportunities. There is a need to scale up relevant education programs that can facilitate access to learning opportunities and bridges to formal education and life skill development for those who passed the school age.
Protection: Across Syria, there are more than 3.8 million children who need protection services. Children and youth face the danger of forced recruitment, forced marriage and forced labour. Children are exposed to violence including active hostilities, explosive weapons, torture, abduction, sexual violence, attacks on schools, and domestic violence. This results in psychosocial consequences, including chronic stress. Furthermore, women and girls are particularly vulnerable to GBV, early marriages, and restrictions of freedom of movement. Lack of livelihoods and increased poverty rates particularly affect women and can lead to harmful coping mechanisms. Gender-based violence, including sexual and gender-based violence (SGBV), has been systematically committed by all parties to the conflict. Sexual violence, domestic violence and other kinds of violence within the family affect women and girls disproportionately.
In Turkey, assessments of Syrians under temporary protection indicated the main protection challenges to include: language barriers, insufficient job and livelihood opportunities, increased cost of living, lack of information about rights and available services, restrictive procedures on internal movement, and limited opportunities for solutions, including resettlement. There is a need to further focus on outreach and two-way communication with refugees and host communities and the identification of solutions at the community level. There is a need for youth empowerment, with a strong gender perspective to ensure equal access to services for women, men, girls and boys. It has also been reported that Syrians under temporary protection have resorted to negative coping mechanisms, including child labour, early marriage and informal employment.
Food Security and Agriculture: Since the crisis started, the main triggers of food insecurity in Syria remain insecurity, financial and physical access to food, and depletion of livelihoods. As per current estimates, 6.5 million people in Syria are food insecure, while a further 4 million people are at risk of becoming acutely food insecure. Food security is a major concern in Syria as food delivery restrictions limit availability, prices continue to rise, and livelihoods have broken down. IDPs and returnees are particularly exposed to food insecurity. More than half of the Syrian population prior to the conflict worked in agriculture. Insecurity, destruction of infrastructure, multiple displacements, lack of fuel, and lack of access to lands have left more than half of the population unemployed. 69% of Syrians inside the country live in extreme poverty. Insecurity combined with lack of rain and adverse weather conditions has had a devastating impact on the country’s economy and the agricultural sector.
Early Recovery and Livelihoods: Erosion of basic and social services, disruption of livelihoods, depletion of productive assets, and limited economic opportunities have all contributed to increasing socio-economic vulnerabilities in Syria. Close to half of the population is now in need of improved access to basic social services, livelihoods and income-generating opportunities. More than half of the basic social infrastructure is destroyed and/or non-operational. A high percentage of Syrians, particularly youth, are without reliable employment. More and more people are resorting to harmful coping mechanisms, in the absence of decent job and livelihoods opportunities. Enormous damage has also occurred with respect to housing and access to basic utilities. On average, living standards have deteriorated by 40 percent compared to the pre-crisis situation. The level of protection and support that communities were previously able to provide needs to be gradually re-established in order to restore access to basic and social services and support social cohesion.
In Turkey, more than half a million Syrians under temporary protection need one or more basic services. There is a need to raise awareness about possibilities to employ Syrians under temporary protection and facilitate connections between job seekers and employment opportunities in the private sector, as well as targeted support to private sector partners to have better access to productive resources and establish business networks needed to expand economic activities. Additionally, there is a need to have targeted TVET and other employment support based on the needs of the market and accessibility of such market opportunities to the Syrians, further promoted through increasing the literacy level and gender parity of Syrian in the workplace. The targeted response is recommended through training, job placement, employment creation and expansion of small business opportunities.
CCCM, Shelter and NFIs: IDP sites represent the last resort for the most vulnerable displaced populations, who have exhausted financial and social assets to meet their basic needs. Challenges faced by IDPs living in camps vary depending on the particular context, though most challenges relate to the delivery of services, particularly water, sanitation and electricity. Shelter conditions, including lack of heating, situations of poor hygiene and lack of privacy in sleeping and bathing areas. 4.2 million people need shelter assistance throughout Syria and 4.7 million people are in need of NFIs. Shelter and NFI needs are most pronounced in IDP camps and informal settlements across Syria, especially during the winter. Winterization kits are an increasingly urgent need as winter weather arrives.
WASH: Across Syria, there are 14.6 million people in need of WASH services. Access to water remains limited for much of the population. About 35% of the population is relying on unsafe water sources to meet daily water supply needs. Negative coping mechanisms include relying on unsafe water from wells and rivers, which results in the spread of waterborne diseases. Many communities face sanitation issues due to a lack of sufficient and consistent waste management.
Health and Nutrition: The health situation in Syria continued to deteriorate. People most at risk include people living with chronic diseases; children who are not vaccinated; pregnant women and neonates who have no access to life-saving obstetric and neonatal care, girls
and women with poor access to essential reproductive health care; those in need of mental health and psychosocial support and; survivors of trauma, including the war wounded. Nutrition-wise, 4.6 million girls and boys under five years of age and pregnant and lactating women (PLW) are at risk of undernutrition and in need of preventive and curative nutrition services in 2018. 84,200 girls and boys aged 6-59 months are acutely undernourished, of which around 18,700 are in a severe category and are 11 times more likely to die than well-nourished children. 865,295 girls and boys under five years of age suffer from micronutrient deficiencies. 3.05 million girls and boys under five years of age require optimal feeding for adequate nutrition status, while 1.55 million PLW require optimal maternal nutrition services including preventive and curative nutrition support.
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